أصدرت دار جامعة عدن للطباعة والنشر سلسلة الكتاب الجامعي 7-2017 بعنوان A Course in Energy Conversion
غلاف الكتاب
PREFACE
This book is planned to serve as a text book for courses in Energy Conversion and Power Plant Engineering taught to students of Engineering degree. The book is prepared mainly for the use of Mechanical Engineering students, but it will be useful as a text book for students of Electrical Engineering also.
The book is the outgrowth of the lecture notes used in a course of energy conversion and power plant engineering over several years. It contains sufficient material for a one semester course which may be presented at undergraduate level.
Throughout the text, attempt has been made to present the topic matter in a simple and clear way. Numerous solved examples are given to illustrate the equations explained in the text.
The book is organized into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 deals with a fundamental of fuels and combustions, such as types of fuel, fuel characteristics, complete and incomplete combustion of fuels. Chapter 2 deals with principle theory of steam boilers and condensers. Basic theory of steam turbine concerned with types, power, efficiency, velocity diagrams are discussed in chapter 3. The book is then proceeds in chapter 4, 5 and 6 to cover fossil-fired power plants cycles: Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle and combined cycle. Additional examples in steam and gas turbines cycles with neat sketches will be highlight the applications of steam and gas power plants and combined cycles. Finally chapter 7 discusses the fundamentals of photovoltaic energy conversion. This chapter is focused to give good idea on the applications of PV system highlighted by practical examples for load calculation and PV and storage battery selections.
The author has drawn heavily from the existing literature on the subjects, for which they gratefully acknowledge.
The author is indebted to the staff of Mechanical Engineering Department - Faculty of Engineering – Aden University for their helpful and encouragement.
Mohammed Ali Moqbel
CONTENTS
1
|
FUELS AND COMBUSTION
|
1
|
1.1
|
Fuel
|
2
|
1.2
|
Types of Fuels
|
2
|
1.3
|
Properties of Fuels
|
7
|
1.4
|
Combustion
|
10
|
1.5
|
Complete combustion
|
11
|
1.6
|
Incomplete combustion
|
13
|
1.7
|
Combustion analysis by mass and volume
|
14
|
1.8
|
Combustion analysis by mole method
|
16
|
1.9
|
Combustion analysis of some typical Fuels
|
19
|
1.10
|
Excess air
|
20
|
1.11
|
Flue gas
|
23
|
1.12
|
Determination of the mass of excess air supplied from the dry flue gas
|
25
|
| |
QUESTIONS 1
|
30
|
| |
|
|
2
|
BOILERS AND CONDENSERS
|
33
|
2.1
|
Boilers
|
33
|
2.2
|
The fire-tube boilers
|
34
|
2.3
|
Water-tube boilers
|
38
|
2.4
|
Water circulation
|
42
|
2.5
|
Superheated steam generators
|
44
|
2.6
|
Supercritical steam generators
|
46
|
2.7
|
Heat losses from boiler
|
46
|
2.8
|
Heat balance
|
47
|
2.9
|
Boiler mountings
|
49
|
2.10
|
Boiler accessories
|
49
|
2.11
|
Boiler thermal efficiency
|
50
|
2.12
|
Equivalent evaporation of a boiler
|
52
|
2.13
|
Steam condenser
|
59
|
2.14
|
Importance of the condensers
|
59
|
2.15
|
Condenser vacuum
|
69
|
| |
QUESTIONS 2
|
74
|
| |
|
|
3
|
NOZZLES AND STEAM TURBINES
|
77
|
3.1
|
Nozzles
|
77
|
3.2
|
Types of nozzles
|
77
|
3.3
|
Flow analysis through nozzles
|
78
|
3.4
|
Maximum discharge through nozzle
|
80
|
3.5
|
Steam flow through nozzles
|
84
|
3.6
|
Supersaturated flow in nozzles
|
86
|
3.7
|
Turbines
|
94
|
3.8
|
Steam turbines
|
94
|
3.9
|
Impulse turbines
|
97
|
3.10
|
Compounding of impulse turbine
|
97
|
3.11
|
Reaction turbines
|
102
|
3.12
|
Velocity triangles for an impulse turbine blade
|
104
|
3.13
|
Velocity diagram for reaction turbines
|
107
|
3.14
|
Work developed on turbine blades
|
108
|
3.15
|
Diagram efficiency
|
109
|
3.16
|
Stage efficiency
|
110
|
3.17
|
Axial thrust
|
110
|
3.18
|
Blade height
|
111
|
3.19
|
Multi-stage steam turbine
|
112
|
| |
QUESTIONS 3
|
117
|
| |
|
|
4
|
RANKINE CYCLE
|
121
|
4.1
|
The Rankine cycle
|
121
|
4.2
|
Raising boiler pressure
|
123
|
4.3
|
Superheat
|
124
|
4.4
|
Reheat
|
124
|
4.5
|
Regeneration
|
127
|
| |
QUESTIONS 4
|
141
|
| |
|
|
5
|
GAS TURBINES
|
147
|
5.1
|
Introduction
|
147
|
5.2
|
Gas turbine operating cycle (Brayton cycle)
|
148
|
5.3
|
Gas turbine components
|
153
|
5.3.1
|
The compressor
|
153
|
5.3.2
|
Combustion chamber
|
155
|
5.3.3
|
The Gas turbine
|
160
|
5.4
|
Gas turbine cycle modifications
|
162
|
5.4.1
|
Regeneration
|
162
|
5.4.2
|
Compressor Intercooling
|
164
|
5.4.3
|
Turbine Reheat
|
165
|
| |
QUESTIONS 5
|
173
|
| |
|
|
6
|
GAS-STEAM TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE
|
175
|
6.1
|
Introduction
|
175
|
6.2
|
Combined cycle
|
176
|
6.3
|
Heat balance of gas-steam combined cycle
|
179
|
| |
QUESTIONS 6
|
185
|
| |
|
|
7
|
PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION
|
187
|
7.1
|
Introduction
|
187
|
7.2
|
Solar constant and components of solar radiation
|
187
|
7.3
|
Construction of solar cell
|
192
|
7.3.1
|
Electrical contacts
|
193
|
7.3.2
|
Coating effective
|
196
|
7.4
|
Types of soar cells
|
197
|
7.5
|
Watts peak
|
200
|
7.6
|
Photovoltaic panel energy balance
|
200
|
7.7
|
Photovoltaic panel performance
|
202
|
7.8
|
The intercooling solar cells
|
205
|
7.9
|
Setting up solar modules
|
208
|
7.10
|
PV system applications
|
208
|
7.11
|
Advantages And disadvantages of photovoltaic
|
209
|
7.12
|
Storage Battery
|
210
|
7.13
|
Solar electrical system sizing information
|
211
|
| |
QUESTIONS 7
|
221
|
| |
|
|
| |
TABLES AND FIGURES
|
223
|
| |
BIBLIOGRAPHY
|
251
|
اصدارات الجامعة
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